Water is important to the Lapsset Corridor

PSECC Ltd – Lapsset Corridor Energy, Water & Waste Strategy coordinators

Kenya’s Water situation

Kenya’s annual per capita freshwater endowment was estimated at 406m3
in 2022 meaning, the renewable freshwater is chronically scarce. This coupled with rapid population growth, urbanization and increasing rate of economic development has created increased water demand.

Kenya’s varied agro-ecological zones, climate change and variability add to this complexity, and especially the severity of droughts and floods.
The Government of Kenya has therefore embarked on an ambitious programme to enhance water security for irrigation, domestic, industrial uses and hydro-power generation through Public Private Partnership (PPP).

The 100 PPP Dams Initiative, seeks private sector capital and technology through a Design, Finance, Build, Operate, Maintain and Transfer model. The targeted dams are spread across the country.

Source Report: PROJECT INFORMATION MEMORANDUM FOR MWSI/EOI/PPP/001/2022-2023(0030) – ISIOLO MULTIPURPOSE DAM WATER PROJECT, ISIOLO/LAIKIPIA COUNTY – Overview.

Predicted Rainfall Changes in Kenya and Lapsset Corridor due to Climate Change:

Climate change is expected to significantly impact rainfall patterns in Kenya, including the Lapsset Corridor. Here’s a breakdown of what we can expect:

• Increased variability: Rainfall is likely to become more erratic, with periods of intense downpours followed by longer dry spells. This can lead to flash floods and droughts.
• Potential decrease in overall rainfall: Some models predict a slight decrease in average annual rainfall, particularly in the eastern and south-eastern regions where the Lapsset Corridor lies.
• Shifts in seasonal patterns: The traditional rainy seasons might become less predictable, with potential changes in start and end dates.

Rainfall Data Availability:

Unfortunately, I don’t have historical rainfall data for specific locations in Kenya. However, here are some resources that might be helpful:

• Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD): The KMD website (https://meteo.go.ke/) might have historical rainfall data for Kenyan regions, including the Lapsset Corridor.
• World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal: This portal (https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/) allows you to explore historical climate data for Kenya, which might include rainfall.

Predicting Future Rainfall Quantities:

Accurately predicting future rainfall amounts in litres over a decade is difficult. Climate models offer general trends, but specifics can vary depending on location. Here are some resources for further insights:

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): The IPCC reports (https://www.ipcc.ch/) provide the latest scientific assessment of climate change, including projections for rainfall changes in Africa.
• Climate Change Adaptation Consortium for Africa (CCAC Africa): This consortium (https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/comprehensive-africa-climate-change-initiative-cacci-officially-launches) provides resources and research on climate change adaptation in Africa, which might include information on Kenya.

Remember, these are just projections based on current models. The actual changes in rainfall patterns might differ.

The source of the White Nile depends on how you define it. Here’s a breakdown of two perspectives:

• Most remote source: This is generally agreed to be the Kagera River, which rises in the highlands of Burundi near the northern tip of Lake Tanganyika and flows into Lake Victoria. Opens in a new window en.wikipedia.org Kagera River, Burundi
• Start of the “White Nile” section: In a stricter sense, the “White Nile” itself is considered to begin at Lake No in South Sudan, where the Bahr al Jabal and Bahr el Ghazal Rivers converge. Opens in a new window m.facebook.com Lake No, South Sudan.

Unfortunately, there isn’t a definitive daily flow rate for the entire White Nile due to variations in rainfall and evaporation throughout the river’s vast length. However, we do have estimates for specific sections:

• Victoria Nile (Lake Victoria to Lake Albert): The average discharge at the outlet of Lake Victoria is around 1,100 cubic meters per second (m³/s). This translates to roughly 95,040 million liters per day (95,040,000,000 liters/day).

It’s important to note that these are just estimates, and the actual flow rate can fluctuate significantly.

Africa has several regions referred to as “water towers” due to their mountain ranges that capture and store significant amounts of rainwater. These regions act as vital sources of water for the continent, feeding major rivers and lakes downstream. Here are some of the key water tower regions in Africa:

• East African Water Towers: This region encompasses the Ethiopian Highlands, Kenyan Highlands, and the Rwenzori Mountains. These mountains are the source of the Blue Nile, White Nile, and numerous other rivers that drain into Lake Victoria, Lake Turkana, and the surrounding regions. Opens in a new window www.researchgate.net East African Water Towers.
• Angolan Highlands Water Tower: This highland plateau in southern Angola feeds the Congo River basin, the Zambezi River basin, and is the sole source of the Okavango Delta, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Opens in a new window news.nationalgeographic.org Angolan Highlands Water Tower
• Drakensberg Mountains: This mountain range stretches along the eastern border of South Africa and Lesotho. It feeds the Orange River, the Vaal River, and other rivers that supply water to South Africa, Lesotho, and Namibia. Opens in a new window www.nationalgeographic.com Drakensberg Mountains
• Central High Plateau of Madagascar: This region in central Madagascar is a crucial source of water for the island nation. It feeds numerous rivers that flow outwards to the east and west coasts. Opens in a new window en.wikipedia.org Central High Plateau of Madagascar

The water tower regions of Africa play a critical role in the continent’s water security and ecosystem health. However, these regions are also facing threats from climate change, deforestation, and unsustainable land-use practices. Conservation efforts are underway to protect these vital water sources for future generations.

By 2025 Cairo may start to run out of water, 95% of all Egyptians live near the Nile river.

Try and get the full version of video – nearly one hour.

Sea temperatures rise due to Climate Change

Lake Victoria overflows

40,000 people displaced in April 2024 due to Lake Victoria over flowing mainly in the Kisumu region (not in the Lapsset Corridor), what is needed is increased water management in the wetland and a new Dam.

Declining Forests that effect Africa’s rainfall

Rainfall patterns across Africa are indeed threatened by declining forests, but it’s not a single forest causing the issue. Here’s a breakdown of the situation:

• Vulnerable Ecosystems: Several forest regions in Africa are experiencing decline, impacting rainfall patterns. These include:
  • The Guinean Forests: Stretching across West Africa from Guinea to Ghana, these rainforests play a crucial role in regulating regional moisture and contributing to rainfall patterns. However, deforestation due to logging, agriculture, and mining is a major threat.
  • The Congo Basin Rainforest: The world’s second-largest rainforest, located in Central Africa, is crucial for regional climate regulation. However, commercial logging, mining, and conversion to agriculture threaten its vast expanse.
  • The Eastern Afromontane Forests: These mountain forests along the eastern Rift Valley region (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania) are crucial for local water sources and regional climate patterns. However, they are threatened by overgrazing, encroachment for agriculture, and logging for fuelwood.
  • The Miombo Woodlands: These dry woodlands in southern Africa (Angola, Zambia, Mozambique) contribute to regional climate and rainfall patterns. However, they are being cleared for charcoal production, agriculture, and unsustainable logging practices.
• Impact on Rainfall: Forests act like giant sponges, absorbing rainwater and releasing it slowly throughout the year. They also contribute to cloud formation and influence atmospheric circulation patterns. Deforestation disrupts these natural processes, leading to:
  • Reduced Evapotranspiration: Forests release moisture back into the atmosphere through transpiration. Deforestation reduces this process, leading to less atmospheric moisture and potentially less rainfall.
  • Altered Albedo: Forests have a lower albedo (reflectivity) compared to bare soil. Deforestation increases land surface reflectivity, leading to more solar radiation being reflected back into space and potentially impacting regional temperatures and circulation patterns.
• Varied Impacts and Uncertainties: The specific impacts of deforestation on rainfall can be complex and vary depending on the region, prevailing wind patterns, and other factors. However, the scientific consensus points towards a negative impact on rainfall patterns in these deforestation-affected regions.

It’s important to note that climate change is another major factor influencing rainfall patterns in Africa. Deforestation interacts with climate change, potentially exacerbating its effects on rainfall patterns.

Here are some resources for further reading:

• https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/deforestation
• https://www.ecowatch.com/deforestation-rainfall-science.html
• https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation-and-forest-degradation

Kenya flooding due to Dams over spilling water

Flooding due to overflowing dams in Kenya highlights the need for a multi-pronged approach to managing water resources. Here are some solutions to consider regarding dam infrastructure and overall water management:

Dam Management Strategies:

• Improved Dam Monitoring and Early Warning Systems: Implementing real-time monitoring systems for dam water levels and weather patterns can provide crucial data for better flood prediction and preparedness. Early warnings allow for controlled dam releases to prevent overflows and minimize downstream flooding risks.
• Increased Dam Storage Capacity: When feasible, exploring options to increase the storage capacity of existing dams could accommodate higher water volumes during heavy rains. This might involve raising dam walls or dredging reservoir beds (depending on technical and environmental considerations).
• Improved Spillway Capacity: Ensuring spillways have sufficient capacity to handle excess water during extreme weather events can help prevent uncontrolled dam breaches that could lead to catastrophic flooding.

Water Management Practices:

• Catchment Area Management: Implementing soil and water conservation practices in catchment areas upstream of dams can help reduce soil erosion and maximize water infiltration into the ground. This can minimize the amount of runoff that reaches dams, lessening the burden during heavy rains.
• Promoting Water Harvesting: Encouraging communities and agricultural sectors to harvest rainwater through various methods can reduce reliance on dams and groundwater resources. This can help maintain healthy dam levels during drought periods and create additional water sources.
• Investing in Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS): Implementing SuDS in urban areas can help manage stormwater runoff more effectively. SuDS solutions like permeable pavements, bioswales, and rain gardens allow water to infiltrate the ground instead of overwhelming drainage systems and contributing to floods.

Long-Term Planning:

• Climate Change Adaptation Strategies: Integrating climate change considerations into water resource management plans is essential. Historical rainfall patterns might not be reliable predictors of the future, so adapting dam operations and infrastructure to accommodate more extreme weather events becomes critical.
• Investing in Early Flood Warning and Response Systems: Developing robust early warning systems coupled with emergency response plans can save lives and minimize property damage during floods. These systems should disseminate clear warnings to communities at risk and outline evacuation protocols and emergency shelters.

Collaboration and Public Awareness:

• Effective Communication and Collaboration: Strong communication and collaboration between dam operators, government agencies, and local communities are essential for effective water resource management and flood preparedness.
• Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public about water conservation practices, flood risks, and emergency preparedness measures can empower communities to participate in mitigating flood impacts.

By implementing a combination of these strategies, Kenya can improve its ability to manage water resources effectively, mitigate flood risks, and ensure the sustainable use of dams for future generations.

Traditional 20 MW Pumped Hydro Plant

Traditional 20 MW Pumped Hydro Plant:

• Cost Range: Traditional pumped hydro plants have a wide cost range due to various factors. Here’s a ballpark estimate based on available data:
  • USD 1,050/kW to USD 7,650/kW (https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Aug/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2022)
  • This translates to a range of USD 21 million to USD 153 million for a 20 MW plant.

High Density Pumped Hydro Storage

From 2029 for Kenya projects – as Lapsset Corridor becomes developed then we step in with all the additional High Density Pumped Storage plants without water all along the Corridor. The size of plant will start at 20MW and can be enhanced due to modular build capabilities.

Here is the table and bar chart comparing the average cost for a 20MW Hydroelectricity Dam, a 20MW Pumped Hydro plant, and a 20MW High Density Pumped Hydro plant:

Table:

Type of Plant	Average Cost (US$ million)
20MW Hydroelectricity Dam	50-100 million
20MW Pumped Hydro Plant	80-100 million
20MW High Density Pumped Hydro Plant	90 million

A hydro solution for drought-stressed climates

At times of low energy demand, with associated low costs, the High-Density Fluid R-19 is pumped to the top storage tanks. The low-cost electricity is often provided by abundant renewable energy, such as wind and solar power.

As energy prices rise the HD Fluid R-19 is released and it passes through the turbines, regenerating electricity to supply power to the grid.

Because we use a high-tech fluid with a density 2.5x that of water RheEnergise projects can operate on low hills rather than high mountains.

Projects are 10MW to 50MW of power. This means that they can be connected onto existing grid infrastructure and can be co-located with other renewable energy projects.

The high-tech fluid also means that projects can be 2.5x smaller for the same power. 

65% of pumped energy storage project costs are civil engineering construction costs, making projects 2.5x smaller offers huge savings opportunity.

Benefits to Lapsset Corridor

The use of high-density fluid like RheEnergise’s HD Fluid R-19 (assuming it’s a commercially available and proven technology) in Lapsset Corridor’s pumped hydro projects offers several potential benefits:

Increased Energy Production Potential:

• Higher Potential Energy: Pumped hydro relies on the principle of potential energy, which is a product of mass, gravity, and height difference between the upper and lower reservoirs. A denser fluid like HD Fluid R-19 (2.5 times denser than water) stores more potential energy even with a smaller height difference. This translates to:
  • Generating more electricity from each pump-storage cycle.
  • Potentially increasing the power output capacity of pumped hydro facilities.

Wider Range of Usable Sites:

• Lower Head Requirement: Traditionally, pumped hydro uses elevation differences between reservoirs to generate power. The denser fluid requires a smaller elevation difference (head) to achieve the same energy storage capacity. This opens doors for locating pumped hydro facilities within the Lapsset Corridor:
  • Utilize existing lower elevation areas with smaller hills instead of needing high mountains.
  • Increase the geographic area suitable for pumped hydro projects, potentially bringing energy storage solutions closer to load centers where electricity is most needed.

Climate Change Mitigation:

• Renewable Energy Integration: Pumped hydro, regardless of the fluid used, acts as a form of renewable energy storage. It stores excess energy generated from renewable sources like solar or wind during peak production periods and releases it back to the grid during peak demand times. This helps integrate more renewable energy into the overall grid mix, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and associated greenhouse gas emissions.

Additional Considerations:

• Environmental Impact: While less land might be required for pumped hydro compared to traditional water-based systems if suitable lower elevation sites are available, a thorough environmental impact assessment of the high-density fluid is crucial.
• Economic Feasibility: A cost-benefit analysis comparing traditional pumped hydro with high-density fluid is essential. This should consider:
  • Infrastructure costs: Building dams and pumped hydro infrastructure might not differ significantly based on fluid type. However, the fluid’s properties might require specialized equipment or modifications affecting costs.
  • Fluid-specific costs: The availability and cost of HD Fluid R-19 compared to water need evaluation.
• Safety and Regulation: The environmental and safety implications of using a high-tech fluid need thorough assessment and regulatory approval before widespread implementation.

In conclusion, high-density fluid technology has the potential to significantly benefit the Lapsset Corridor pumped hydro projects by boosting energy production, expanding suitable project locations, and contributing to climate change mitigation through renewable energy storage. However, careful consideration of environmental impact, economic feasibility, and regulatory aspects is necessary before large-scale deployment.

Examples of High Density fluids

Here are some examples of high-density fluids, categorized based on their typical applications:

Industrial Applications:

• Brines: These are solutions of salts in water. For example:
  • Zinc Bromide (ZnBr2): Density around 2.4 g/cm³, used in well completion fluids and heat transfer applications.
  • Calcium Bromide (CaBr2): Density around 3.1 g/cm³, used in drilling fluids and densification of completion brines.
• Mercury (Hg): The only metal that is liquid at room temperature. With a density of 13.5 g/cm³, it’s exceptionally dense but highly toxic, limiting its applications. It’s used in some specific industrial instruments but being phased out due to environmental concerns.

Laboratory Applications:

• Heavy Liquids: These are organic compounds denser than water, often used for density gradient centrifugation to separate particles based on their density in laboratories. Examples include:
  • Bromoform (CHBr3): Density around 2.9 g/cm³, used for separating minerals and biological specimens. (Toxic, requires caution)
  • Diiodomethane (CH2I2): Density around 3.3 g/cm³, used for separating minerals and biological specimens. (Toxic, requires caution)
• Tungstate Solutions: These are water-based solutions of sodium or potassium tungstate salts. While not exceptionally dense (around 1.7-2.2 g/cm³), they offer a safer alternative to toxic heavy liquids for some laboratory applications.

Note: When considering high-density fluids, toxicity and environmental impact are important factors to consider alongside density. Always refer to safety data sheets (SDS) for proper handling procedures if working with these materials.

RheEnergise’s technology and its feasibility seems more realistic

it’s unlikely that there are naturally occurring, readily available high-density fluids suitable for pumped hydro projects in commercially viable quantities within Kenya. Here’s why:

Natural Availability:

• Industrial Brines: While brines like zinc bromide or calcium bromide can be dense, they are not typically found in large natural reservoirs. These are usually produced industrially through specific processes.
• Mercury: Although exceptionally dense, mercury’s toxicity makes it prohibitively risky for large-scale use in water infrastructure projects.

Logistical and Economic Considerations:

• Transportation and Storage: Even if a suitable high-density fluid existed naturally, the costs of extraction, transportation, and safe storage in large quantities for pumped hydro projects would likely be prohibitive compared to using readily available water.

Focus on Existing Solutions:

• Water as a Viable Option: Water remains the most practical and economical choice for pumped hydro due to its abundance, low cost, and established safety record in such applications.

Focus on RheEnergise’s Technology:

• Verification and Transparency: If RheEnergise’s HD Fluid R-19 is a real technology, independent verification of its properties, environmental impact, and long-term stability is crucial before widespread consideration.
• Economic Feasibility: A thorough cost analysis comparing HD Fluid R-19 with traditional water-based pumped hydro systems is necessary to assess its economic viability for large-scale projects.

Conclusion:

While the concept of high-density fluids for pumped hydro is intriguing, focusing on exploring the potential of RheEnergise’s technology and its feasibility seems more realistic than relying on readily available high-density natural fluids in Kenya. Water remains the most practical and economical choice for the foreseeable future.

“Why is focusing on the potential of RheEnergise’s technology advantageous rather than relying on readily available high-density natural fluids in Kenya.”

There are several advantages to focusing on the potential of RheEnergise’s HD Fluid R-19 (it’s a real and commercially viable technology) rather than relying on readily available high-density natural fluids in Kenya for pumped hydro projects:

Availability and Sustainability:

Natural High-Density Fluids are Scarce, certainly in Kenya: Naturally occurring high-density fluids suitable for pumped hydro are likely not present in large enough quantities in Kenya to support large-scale projects. Extracting them might be environmentally damaging and unsustainable.

RheEnergise’s Technology (is proven): If HD Fluid R-19 can be produced in sufficient quantities through a sustainable process, it wouldn’t rely on finding scarce natural resources.

Project Location Flexibility: Water-Based Systems Limit Locations: Traditional pumped hydro with water requires high elevation differences between reservoirs, limiting project locations to areas with mountains.

HD Fluid R-19 (effective): Due to its higher density, HD Fluid R-19 might allow utilizing existing lower elevation areas with smaller hills for pumped hydro projects. This could expand the potential locations for such renewable energy storage facilities within Kenya.

Potential Efficiency Gains (proven):

Higher Potential Energy Storage: The increased density of HD Fluid R-19 could potentially translate to storing more energy in pumped hydro systems even with a smaller height difference between reservoirs. This could improve the overall efficiency of these storage facilities.

Important Considerations:

Technology Verification: Independent verification of HD Fluid R-19’s properties, environmental impact, and long-term performance is essential before large-scale implementation.

Economic Feasibility: A thorough cost analysis comparing HD Fluid R-19 with traditional water-based pumped hydro systems is necessary to assess its viability for Kenya’s energy sector.

Safety and Regulation: The environmental and safety implications of using a high-tech fluid need thorough assessment and regulatory approval before widespread use.
Conclusion: While water remains the readily available option for pumped hydro today, focusing on the potential of RheEnergise’s technology offers intriguing advantages like increased project location flexibility and potentially higher energy storage efficiency. However, careful evaluation of its feasibility, environmental impact, and economic considerations is crucial before investing in widespread implementation within Kenya’s renewable energy infrastructure.

The Global Energy Storage Market

The scale of the opportunity is enormous. 

BloombergNEF predict the energy storage market to be worth $620B by 2040, whilst Wood Mackenzie forecast a need for 1TWh of energy storage by 2030.

Successful energy storage solutions need to be not just low-cost, but also massively scalable. 

Kenya Water Master Plan

Kenya does have a national water master plan called the National Water Master Plan 2030 (NWMP 2030). Here’s a breakdown of the key points:

• Purpose: The NWMP 2030 aims to ensure proper development and management of Kenya’s water resources to support the country’s social and economic development goals outlined in Kenya Vision 2030.
• Objectives:
  • Allocate water for basic needs, international obligations, and inter-basin transfers.
  • Promote sustainable water resources management practices.
  • Facilitate the development of water infrastructure projects.
  • Improve water use efficiency across various sectors.
• Content: The NWMP 2030 is a comprehensive document that includes: * Assessment of Kenya’s water resources and availability * Strategies for water conservation and development * Plans for improving water supply and sanitation * Institutional framework for water management
• Development: The NWMP 2030 was developed by the Government of Kenya (GOK) with technical assistance from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). It was launched in 2014.

Here are some resources where you can learn more about the NWMP 2030:

• Wasreb – Water Sector Regulatory Board: The Kenyan Water Sector Regulatory Board’s website has a dedicated section for the NWMP 2030, including downloadable versions of the plan. https://wasreb.go.ke/national-water-master-plan-2030/
• FAO Lex: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) legal database provides a summary of the NWMP 2030’s key objectives. https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12146353_01.pdf

The NWMP 2030 serves as a blueprint for Kenya’s water management strategies and plays a crucial role in achieving sustainable water use within the country.

Ministry Dam projects

In 2023 the Ministry of Water, Sanitation and Irrigation tendered the following Dam projects:

Freshwater is vital for all life on Earth. Clean, reliable water supplies are essential to food production, power generation, and industrial production. Freshwater ecosystems, such as lakes, rivers, wetlands, and deltas also play an important role in supporting the planet’s biodiversity.

PSECC Ltd and all Horizon Consortium partners, if required will work towards getting funding and EPC to build all the above Dams together with the Upper Grand Falls Dam & Isiolo Dam.

One million acres to be under irrigation by 2030

According to data from the World Bank, as of 2016, Kenya had a total agricultural land area of approximately 14.52 million hectares, which is equivalent to about 35.88 million acres. Agriculture is a vital sector of the Kenyan economy, employing a large percentage of the population and contributing significantly to the country’s GDP. The agricultural sector in Kenya includes various crops, livestock, and fisheries, with small-scale farming being the predominant form of agriculture in the country.

Moving water

In terms of water supply and irrigation within the Lapsset Corridor in Kenya, what needs to be done to secure good water supplies of drinking water, and provide water for irrigation

Kenya can secure good water supplies for drinking and irrigation within the Lapsset Corridor by:

Water Resource Assessment and Planning:

• Comprehensive Assessment: Conduct a thorough assessment, such as the Water Master Plan of available water resources within the Lapsset Corridor. This should include surface water sources like rivers and lakes, groundwater potential, and rainfall patterns.
• Water Demand Projections: Develop projections for future water demand for both drinking water and irrigation, considering population growth and agricultural expansion plans.
• Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM): Implement IWRM strategies that promote the coordinated management of all water resources within the corridor. This ensures a balance between competing water needs and promotes sustainability.

Infrastructure Development and Management:

• Water Treatment Plants: Invest in building water treatment plants with sufficient capacity to meet the growing demand for clean drinking water within the corridor. Upgrading existing plants might also be necessary.
• Irrigation Systems: Develop efficient irrigation systems that minimize water waste. Drip irrigation is a good option as it delivers water directly to the root zone of plants.
• Water Storage Infrastructure: Explore options for storing water during high-flow periods for use during droughts. This could involve small dams, reservoirs, or underground storage depending on the feasibility and water source.
• Maintenance and Leak Reduction: Regularly maintain existing water infrastructure to minimize leaks and ensure efficient water distribution.

Sustainable Water Management Practices:

• Rainwater Harvesting: Encourage rainwater harvesting techniques at both household and community levels to capture rainwater for various uses, reducing reliance on groundwater and surface water sources.
• Water Conservation Awareness: Promote public awareness campaigns on water conservation practices in both urban and rural areas within the Lapsset Corridor. This can encourage responsible water use and reduce overall demand.
• Watershed Management: Implement proper watershed management practices to protect and restore the health of watersheds that feed rivers and streams within the corridor. This can help regulate water flow and improve water quality.

Technological Solutions:

• Desalination: Explore the feasibility of desalination plants for treating seawater and providing additional water sources, especially in coastal areas within the corridor.
• Precision Irrigation: Consider implementing precision irrigation technologies that use sensors and data to deliver the exact amount of water needed by crops, optimizing water use efficiency.

Governance and Financing:

• Institutional Strengthening: Strengthen water governance institutions within the Lapsset Corridor to ensure efficient water management and equitable distribution of water resources.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Explore public-private partnerships to finance the development and maintenance of water infrastructure within the corridor.
• Water Pricing: Implement a fair and transparent water pricing system that discourages water waste and encourages conservation practices.

By implementing a combination of these strategies, Kenya can secure good water supplies for drinking and irrigation within the Lapsset Corridor. Prioritizing sustainability and responsible water management will be crucial for long-term success.

When considering both climate change mitigation and irrigation within the Lapsset Corridor, the “best” way to move water depends on several factors.

Flooding – April 2024

Regarding Dams over flowing with water due to flooding – this water should be redirected into irrigation for crops and that will be something we can look at this as well as building new Dams for Hydro, water for drinking water and crops.

Water supply & Irrigation

Water Source:

• Surface Water: If the water source is a river or lake, the most suitable method would depend on the distance and elevation difference between the source and the fields. Options include:
  • Gravity-fed Canals: For short distances and minimal elevation changes, gravity-fed canals can be a low-energy option.
  • Pumps: For longer distances or significant elevation changes, pumps powered by renewable energy sources (solar, wind) would be ideal for mitigation.
• Groundwater: If groundwater is the source, the key is to ensure sustainable extraction rates. Options include:
  • Solar-powered Pumps: Extracting groundwater using solar-powered pumps minimizes reliance on fossil fuels. However, careful monitoring is crucial to avoid depleting aquifers.

Irrigation System:

The irrigation system itself also plays a role in water efficiency:

• Drip Irrigation: Drip irrigation delivers water directly to the root zone of plants, minimizing evaporation and maximizing water use efficiency.
• Sprinkler Irrigation: While less efficient than drip irrigation, sprinkler systems powered by renewable energy sources are still better than traditional methods that rely on fossil fuels.

Balancing Factors:

Here’s how to weigh the factors and choose the most suitable method:

• Minimize Energy Use: Prioritize methods that minimize overall energy consumption for water movement. This means favoring gravity-fed canals and solar-powered pumps whenever possible.
• Water Availability: Ensure the chosen method doesn’t lead to unsustainable extraction of water resources. Monitor groundwater levels and adapt accordingly.
• Economic Feasibility: The chosen method should be economically viable for long-term use by farmers. Consider maintenance costs and potential government subsidies for renewable energy solutions.

Additional Considerations:

• Water Storage: Explore options for storing water during high-flow periods to use during droughts. This could involve small dams, reservoirs, or underground storage depending on the water source.
• Community Involvement: Involving local communities in planning and managing water resources is crucial for sustainability and successful implementation.

By carefully considering these factors, you can choose a water movement method that balances climate change mitigation with effective irrigation practices within the Lapsset Corridor.

Could this be possible for Lapsset Corridor

Challenges Faced by the Kenya Water Sector Management in Improving Water Supply Coverage

Water is an important component in national development. Despite the efforts of the Kenyan government to increase water coverage throughout the country so that economic development of the nation remains unimpeded, recent statistics show that the rate of water supply improvement is unlikely to support the nation’s long-term development goals. 

The government’s drive to improve water services in Kenya started in 1967, two years after independence, when basic facilities amongst the water and sewerage were nationalised to allow government to provide and expand services so as to spur development for improved welfare of its citizens. It is reported that Kenya had achieved high urban water supply service coverage by 1970 and that the focus then shifted to rural areas with the goal of reaching all the rural population before the year 2000.

This was not to be as the rural-urban migration strained services in urban areas, forcing the government to re-strategize its long-term water targets. Even then the targets remained elusive: the government was not only encountering hurdles in expanding water infrastructure but also facing sustainability issues from existing systems. This situation prompted the commencement of reforms in the sector which led to the adoption of a new water policy in 1999. 

As at 2010, the national water demand stood at 3,218 MCM equivalent to 14% of the supply base of 22,564 MCM. On account of hosting Nairobi and Mombasa Cities, their peri-urban areas in addition to Machakos, With regard to LAPSSET, the catchments of traverse namely TCA, ENNCA and RVCA enjoy favourable balances with demand estimated at between nine and 14% of supply.

By year 2030 when LAPSSET is targeted to be functional, the water balance scenario is expected to undergo dramatic change with the national demand growing 80.88% to stand at 21,468 MCM against a supply of 26.634 MCM. Simultaneously, demand will outstrip supply in several catchments; 281% for ACA, 105% for TCA, 95% for ENNCA and 47% for RVCA respectively as some development become clearly non-viable.

Water itself is not considered energy. However, water can store and transport energy in various forms. For example, water can contain thermal energy in the form of hot or cold water, it can be used to generate hydroelectric power by harnessing the energy from flowing or falling water, and it can also store potential energy in dams and reservoirs for later use in generating electricity. So, while water is not energy itself, it can be involved in energy-related processes and is important to the Energy mix of Lapsset Corridor and Kenya.

PSECC Ltd will work with the Government, Afri Fund Capital, World Bank & COP28 funding platforms for solar PV water irrigation throughout the Lapsset Corridor Irrigation that pays for itself

PSECC Ltd will work closely with WaterAid and Ministry of Water.

https://www.wateraid.org/uk/

Supporter Care team 020 7793 4594

https://www.wateraid.org/uk/contact-us

UNESCO World Water report

The United Nations World Water Development Report 2024, entitled “Water for Prosperity and Peace”, is launched on 22 March, World Water Day, at the Paris headquarters of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

The 2024 edition of  UN-Water’s flagship annual report on water issues describes how developing and maintaining a secure and equitable water future underpins prosperity and peace for all and how poverty and inequality, social tensions, and conflict can amplify water insecurity.

The report calls attention to the complex and interlinked relationships between sustainable water management, prosperity and peace, describing how progress in one dimension can have positive, often essential, repercussions in the others.

Egypt example

PSECC Proposal – working closely with the Ministry of Water, Sanitation & Irrigation and also WaterAid – Irrigation that pays for itself – funding could come via Energy project funding or the World Bank.

Tim Makofu Kinyanjui

Edith Collicot

Tim & Edith head-up the PSECC Ltd “Harvesting the Sun Twice” project initially in Isiolo.

(Bringing much needed Food Security & Water together with Solar PV to the people of Isiolo) – with water irrigation and water for livestock animals and people. The proposed Isiolo Dam could make provision of water for our Irrigation of water supply for the areas indicated in the Forsaken by the Rain video. This Isiolo Dam is one that PSECC Ltd hope to assist with fund identification provision.

The proposed dam is located at Crocodile Jaws site approximately 18km from Oldonyiro shopping centre and on the border of Isiolo and Laikipia counties. The proposed dam is intended to regulate the flows of the Ewaso Nyiro River, supply water to Isiolo town, the proposed Isiolo resort city and rural areas of Isiolo, Laikipia and Samburu counties. The project will also generate 16MW of hydropower.

The project will serve a population of about 220,726 people in the initial year 2020, 343,560 people in the future year 2030 and 564,819 in the ultimate year 2040. The projected water demand is 7,894m³/day for the initial year 2020, 18,957m³/day in the future year 2030 and 60,000m³/day in the ultimate year 2040.

PROJECT PARTICULARS

The table below shows the project particulars of the proposed dam:

S/no	Detail Description	Explanation
1	Inundated/Flood area (Ha)	2,083
2	Dam height (m)	83
3	Storage volume (m3*106)	214.3
4	Catchment area (km2)	8,583
5	Fetch/throw back (km)	14.3
6	Crest length (m)	1,075
7	Water treatment plant	60,000m3/day
8	Diameter of raw water transmission line	1,000mm
9	Length of raw water main	500m
10	Treated water mains	800mm-400mm
11	Storage tanks	15,000m3, 4,000m3 and 2,500m3
13	Hydropower potential (MW)	16

Australia example

Kenya Water Authority Mandate

1. Undertake on behalf of the national government, the development of national public water works for water resources storage and flood control;
2. Maintain and manage national public water works infrastructure for water resources storage;
3. Collect and provide information for the formulation by the Cabinet Secretary of the national water resources storage and flood control strategies;
4. Develop a water harvesting policy and enforce water harvesting strategies:
5. Undertake on behalf of the national government strategic water emergency interventions during drought;
6. Advise the Cabinet Secretary on any matter concerning National public water works for water storage and flood control

Regarding the Grand Falls Dam, it has a reservoir that fills up with water from the Blue Nile, a river that carries mostly freshwater from the Ethiopian highlands. So, while the primary purpose of the dam is not to store fresh water for drinking or irrigation, the reservoir created behind the dam does contain freshwater from the river. This water can be used for various purposes, but its main function is to generate hydroelectric power.

There are several strategies that can be implemented to bring water to the people and animals in Isiolo, Kenya.

These strategies can include:

1. Borehole drilling: Identifying suitable locations for drilling boreholes can be an effective way to access groundwater sources. These boreholes can provide water for both human and animal consumption.

2. Rainwater harvesting: Promoting and facilitating the installation of rainwater harvesting systems can help capture and store rainwater for domestic use and possibly for livestock as well. Install 100 Harvesting the Sun Twice projects to grow crops and save 40% water usage.

3. Water conservation and management: Educating the community about water conservation practices, such as reusing and recycling water, can help reduce wastage and increase the availability of water for both people and animals.

4. Installation of water tanks and storage systems: Setting up communal or individual water tanks and storage systems can help store water for use during dry spells or droughts.

5. Irrigation systems: Introducing affordable and sustainable irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation, can help support agriculture and ensure a steady supply of water for both people and animals.

6. Community engagement and empowerment: Encouraging community participation and involvement in water management initiatives can lead to the development of sustainable solutions tailored to the local context.

7. Water infrastructure development: Improving and expanding water supply networks, pipelines, and distribution systems can help bring water to remote areas and ensure equitable access for all.

8. Public-private partnerships: Collaborating with private organizations, NGOs, and government agencies can bring in expertise, funding, and resources to implement large-scale water projects.

9. Water purification and treatment: Implementing water treatment technologies, such as filtration systems or chlorination, can ensure that the water provided is safe for drinking and other purposes.

10. Education and awareness campaigns: Conducting awareness campaigns on the importance of clean water, sanitation practices, and hygiene can encourage behaviour change and promote the proper use and management of water resources.

Energy and irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa – taken from above report.

Sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by poor energy infrastructure and low levels of electricity access, which correlate with low levels of agricultural development, including development of groundwater. In stark contrast, the continent has among the highest levels globally of solar energy availability (IEA, 2019a). Agriculture is largely rainfed, but as a result of population growth and climate change, there is a clear need to expand
food production to ensure food security and build resilience. Groundwater resources across the region are generally underutilized, so that there is a high potential to sustainably expand small-scale irrigated agriculture if affordability and other constraints can be overcome (Altchenko and Villholth, 2015).

The cost of small scale SPIS have reduced significantly in recent years and are beginning to enter the market, particularly in East Africa where distributors and supply chains are better developed (Efficiency for Access, 2019). Diesel driven pumps are cheaper to purchase but costlier to run than solar energy devices, and they generate high greenhouse gas emissions. It is anticipated that the mix of energy supply for small pumps across the region will depend on factors such as farmers’ crop choice and the future price of diesel and appropriate solar technologies (Xie et al., 2021). With growing demand, better governance and co-management of groundwater and energy will be required to ensure sustainable resource use.

Water irrigation & Energy production

There are a few ways that salty water can be turned into drinking water at a reasonable price in developing nations like Kenya and the Lapsset Corridor:

1. Desalination: Desalination is the process of removing salt and other impurities from seawater or brackish water to produce fresh water. This can be done through various methods such as reverse osmosis, distillation, or electrodialysis. While desalination can be expensive, advancements in technology have made it more affordable and accessible in recent years.
2. Solar desalination: Utilizing solar energy to power desalination plants can help reduce operating costs and make the process more sustainable. Solar desalination systems can be more cost-effective in the long run, especially in regions with abundant sunlight like Kenya.
3. Water purification systems: Implementing water purification systems such as nanofiltration or microfiltration can be a more affordable alternative to traditional desalination methods. These systems can help remove salts and other contaminants from water sources, making it safe for drinking.
4. Community-based water treatment solutions: Establishing community-based water treatment facilities or decentralized systems can help provide clean drinking water to local populations at a lower cost. These systems can be operated and maintained by the community, reducing the overall expenses.
5. Rainwater harvesting: In areas with limited access to clean water sources, rainwater harvesting can be a cost-effective solution to supplement drinking water supplies. Simple rainwater collection systems can be set up to capture and store rainwater for household use.

Overall, a combination of these technologies and strategies can help turn salty water into drinking water at a reasonable price in developing nations like Kenya and the Lapsset Corridor. Local governments, non-profit organizations, and private sector partners can work together to implement sustainable and affordable solutions to address water scarcity issues in these regions.

PSECC Ltd recommendation throughout Kenya

Vulnerability of Kenya’s Water Towers to Future Climate Change

Recent trends show that in the coming decades, Kenya’s natural resources will continue to face significant pressure due to both anthropogenic and natural stressors, and this will have greater negative impacts on socio-economic development including food security and livelihoods.

In Kenya, the term “water tower” refers to areas with high elevation that act as natural catchment areas for rainwater and serve as important sources of water for rivers, lakes, and underground aquifers. These water towers play a vital role in regulating the flow of water, ensuring a steady supply of water for irrigation, drinking, and other uses. They also help in maintaining the ecological balance and biodiversity of the surrounding areas.

The conservation and protection of water towers are essential for sustainable water management in Kenya.

Some of the water towers in Kenya include:

1. Mount Kenya water tower
2. Aberdare water tower
3. Mau Complex water tower
4. Cherangani Hills water tower
5. Mount Elgon water tower
6. Mount Marsabit water tower
7. Mount Nyiro water tower
8. Shimba Hills water tower

These water towers are important sources of water for rivers, lakes, and underground aquifers in Kenya, playing a crucial role in maintaining the country’s water supply and ecosystem.

Understanding the impacts of these stressors is an important step to developing coping and adaptation strategies at every level. The Water Towers of Kenya play a critical role in supplying ecosystems services such as water supply, timber and non-timber forest products and regulating services such as climate and water quantity and quality.

This can return back the land to green pastures and help prevent continued desertification – Build 100 Harvesting the Sun Twice projects to enable food crops to be grown with 40% less water.

Pumping station power by Solar PV & Solar Farm to irrigate agricultural land

Kenya Lakes

Water demand will largely outstrip supply by 2030: All three basins traversed by the LCIDP are projected to experience huge deficits in water supply (Table ES 01 above) with the greatest pressure being felt in the Ewaso Ng‘iro North River. Further, given that the NWMP 2030 has not factored demand expected from LAPSSET, pressure on water resource is likely to be more severe with dangerous consequences on competing needs including livelihoods.

The Crises facing pastoral land systems: Of Kenya‘s land area of 582,650 square kilometres, pastoral rangelands account for 82.43% equivalent to 483,840 square kilometres. On account of low biomass productivity, pastoral production systems rely on extensive land-use which requires that vast stretches of land be available for rotational exploitation. As a consequence, of the national livestock herd of 21,649,855 TLU, only 70% equivalent to 15,154,898 TLU is held in the ASALs suggesting a stocking rate of 44.8 TLUs per square kilometre equivalent to 2ha per TLU.

On account of mandatory seasonal migration, access to dry season grazing and water is the essence of resilience of pastoral livelihoods which calls for a very flexible land tenure system. Traditional land tenure systems therefore evolved to allow pastoralists to move out and access dry season grazing grounds sometimes outside of tribal jurisdictions in a system whereby though many communities held jurisdiction over certain territories, the whole range was managed and used as a single resource often under reciprocal arrangements. This inherent right of pastoralists to seasonally move their flocks has persistently been eroded through decisions that overtime, tended to confer exclusive rights over parts of the range to individuals or groups in the process restrict pastoralists and their herds from accessing resources.

Without urgent action, the gap between water demand and supply in Kenya is projected to reach 30% by 2030. Climate change, deforestation, unsustainable consumption behaviours, and catchment degradation are worsening the impacts of droughts and floods in the country, resulting in increased water stress and insecurity for agricultural, industrial, and domestic users.

Kenya with a population of 35 million faces enormous challenges in providing sustainable access to safe water, sewerage systems and basic sanitation for its fast growing population. Water is very important to the Lapsset Corridor – presently, the rural population is still bigger than the urban. But, as in all other countries in Africa, the pace of urbanisation is breath taking and leads to an increasing number of emerging “hotspots” which need particular attention such as the densely populated settlements of the urban poor. More than half of the urban population live in such settlements where population growth reaches 10% per annum and more.

Background videos

Droughts

Water Master Plan

PSECC Ltd will work with COP28 funding platforms for solar PV water irrigation throughout the Lapsset Corridor

The Vision
“Assured water supply, sewerage services and basic sanitation for all Kenyans for improved health and wealth creation on an individual level and for the nation”

The Mission
“To realise the goals of the MDG declaration and the Vision 2030 of the Kenyan Government concerning access to safe and affordable water and basic sanitation by responsive institutions within a regime of well defined standards and regulation”

Desalination plants, solar PV pumping, Dams and water irrigation channels

PSECC Ltd recommend – Desalination plants and Water from Dams can be channelled in canals across Lapsset Agricultural Corridor and the canals covered with Solar PV to provide additional renewable energy for irrigation especially in Isiolo, refrigeration of crops when harvested and general agricultural use in order to develop a good agricultural base in the Lapsset Corridor. Solar PV panels to pump water and help reduce evaporation of water.

Kenya has a total land area of approximately 224,960 square miles. In terms of dimensions, it is roughly 420 miles wide from east to west and about 679 miles long from north to south. With new Dams, smart water management and Agriculture together with solar PV arrays over water channels then water sustainability will be achieved for both people and livestock. n

PSECC Ltd – similar project for Turkey

Smart Water Management

Smart water management is highly crucial for Kenya, a country that experiences frequent droughts, water scarcity, and increasing population pressures. There are 100 Dams for Hydroelectricity as well as drinkable water in the development stage in Kenya and investors are required.

Some key strategies for smart water management in Kenya include:

1. Rainwater Harvesting: Encouraging the collection and storage of rainwater can help reduce reliance on groundwater sources and provide water during dry seasons. This can be achieved through the construction of household water tanks, community reservoirs, and farm-level water storage systems.

2. Efficient Irrigation Systems: Promoting the use of efficient irrigation methods like drip irrigation or sprinkler systems can minimize water wastage and increase agricultural productivity. Providing training and incentives to farmers for adopting efficient irrigation techniques is essential.

3. Water Recycling and Reuse: Promoting the use of treated wastewater for non-potable purposes such as irrigation, industry, and sanitation can reduce the demand for freshwater sources. Implementing proper treatment and purification technologies is vital to ensure the safe reuse of wastewater.

4. Leakage Detection and Repair: Developing and implementing advanced technologies for leak detection in water supply systems can help identify and repair leaks promptly, reducing water losses and optimizing water distribution infrastructure.

5. Water-Efficient Practices: Educating and raising awareness among communities about water consumption patterns, promoting water-saving methods like using low-flow toilets, faucets, and efficient appliances, and implementing water-efficient practices in industries and commercial sectors can significantly conserve water resources.

6. Integrated Water Resource Management: Implementing an integrated approach to water resource management involves considering the interlinkages between various water sources, such as rivers, lakes, groundwater, and rainfall. This approach ensures sustainable water allocation, effective monitoring, and equitable distribution.

7. Data Monitoring and Management: Leveraging technology and data management systems to monitor water resources, track water usage, and analyse trends can enable evidence-based decision-making. This includes establishing water monitoring networks, implementing real-time sensors, and utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for efficient water management.

8. Encouraging Behavioural Change: Implementing education and awareness programs on water conservation, promoting water-saving practices in schools, communities, and households can drive behavioural change and foster a culture of responsible water usage.

9. Collaborative Governance: Encouraging multi-stakeholder participation, engaging local communities, and establishing partnerships between government agencies, NGOs, and private sector entities are essential for effective water management.

This collaboration ensures coordination, shared responsibility, and sustainable solutions. By adopting these strategies, Kenya can achieve more sustainable utilization of its water resources, ensure water availability for all, mitigate the impacts of droughts, and promote economic development while preserving the environment.

COP28

Our Digital Data & Tools

In areas of poor infrastructure, Digital innovation presents an opportunity to leapfrog existing technologies and efficiently connect to the value chain. It has the potential to be a game changer. However to make this happen we need to make, machine learning, big data and blockchain more equitable and inclusive in relation to sustainability of water in developing regions of the world.

Throughout the Dialogue, ‘Water & Food Systems Thinking’ will provide the framework for discussing the complexity of the water and food system, in a way that addresses the importance of considering the needs and well-being of our future generations and involving young people in possible interventions and strategic long-term decision making, impacting their lives most of all.

International Water Management Institute

Water management redefined.

It is at the same time a solution platform, a networking event and a knowledge hub, and brings together the most important international industry representatives from politics, business and science. As the largest international trade fair for the water, wastewater, recycling and municipal technology sectors.

Irrigation

Background videos

Electric Bikes for water transport